Participant bias also includes factors such as social desirability and evaluation apprehension. traits such as agreeableness and conscientiousness) gender, ethnicity etc), personality (e.g. Participant reactivity, that is the extent to which Pps alter their behaviour in line with demand characteristics may be affected by dispositional traits within the individual participants relating to age, experience, identification with the researcher (e.g. However, occasionally participants may pick up on the cues and behave in the opposite way to what they think the researcher expects, (Hugh Coolican terms this the screw you effect!). Participants may or may not pick up on these cues if they do they may alter their behaviour in order to comply with what they perceive to be the researcher’s expectations. Participants may alter their behaviour because they know they are part of a study and this can lead to a lack of validity as the behaviour they exhibit is influenced by their interpretation of the research project and of the researcher and his or her behaviour towards them.ĭemand characteristics Cues in the way the researcher behaves and other features of the research situation which indicate the possible aim and/or hypothesis of the study to the participants, (that is, what the researcher expect will happen).
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